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BNC: 13965 COCA: 12391

sham
1 sham /ˈʃæm/ noun
plural shams
1 sham
/ˈʃæm/
noun
plural shams
Learner's definition of SHAM
1 
[count]
a  : something that is not what it appears to be and that is meant to trick or deceive people假象；假货；赝品；骗局
b  : someone who deceives people by pretending to be a particular kind of person, to have a particular skill, etc.骗子；假冒者
2 
[noncount] : words or actions that are not sincere or honest虚假的言行
2 sham /ˈʃæm/ adjective
2 sham
/ˈʃæm/
adjective
Learner's definition of SHAM
always used before a noun
: not real : false, fake假的
3 sham /ˈʃæm/ verb
shams; shammed; shamming
3 sham
/ˈʃæm/
verb
shams; shammed; shamming
Learner's definition of SHAM
: to act in a way that is meant to trick or deceive people佯装；假装
[no object]
[+ object]
BNC: 13965 COCA: 12391

sham

1 of 3

noun

ˈsham How to pronounce sham (audio)
1
: a trick that deludes : hoax
feared that the deal was a sham
2
: cheap falseness : hypocrisy
saw through the hollowness, the sham, the silliness of the empty pageant Oscar Wilde
3
: an ornamental covering for a pillow
4
: an imitation or counterfeit purporting to be genuine
5
: a person who shams

sham

2 of 3

adjective

1
: not genuine : false, feigned
2
: having such poor quality as to seem false

sham

3 of 3

verb

shammed; shamming

transitive verb

: to go through the external motions necessary to counterfeit

intransitive verb

: to act intentionally so as to give a false impression : feign
shammer
ˈsha-mər How to pronounce sham (audio)
noun

Synonyms

Noun

Adjective

Verb

Choose the Right Synonym for sham

Noun

imposture, fraud, sham, fake, humbug, counterfeit mean a thing made to seem other than it is.

imposture applies to any situation in which a spurious object or performance is passed off as genuine.

their claim of environmental concern is an imposture

fraud usually implies a deliberate perversion of the truth.

the diary was exposed as a fraud

sham applies to fraudulent imitation of a real thing or action.

condemned the election as a sham

fake implies an imitation of or substitution for the genuine but does not necessarily imply dishonesty.

these jewels are fakes; the real ones are in the vault

humbug suggests elaborate pretense usually so flagrant as to be transparent.

creating publicity by foisting humbugs on a gullible public

counterfeit applies especially to the close imitation of something valuable.

20-dollar bills that were counterfeits

Verb

assume, affect, pretend, simulate, feign, counterfeit, sham mean to put on a false or deceptive appearance.

assume often implies a justifiable motive rather than an intent to deceive.

assumed an air of cheerfulness around the patients

affect implies making a false show of possessing, using, or feeling.

affected an interest in art

pretend implies an overt and sustained false appearance.

pretended that nothing had happened

simulate suggests a close imitation of the appearance of something.

cosmetics that simulate a suntan

feign implies more artful invention than pretend, less specific mimicry than simulate.

feigned sickness

counterfeit implies achieving the highest degree of verisimilitude of any of these words.

an actor counterfeiting drunkenness

sham implies an obvious falseness that fools only the gullible.

shammed a most unconvincing limp

Example Sentences

Noun He claims that the trial was a sham. Their marriage was a sham. Many people believed he could help them, but I knew he was a sham. She exposed their sham and hypocrisy. Adjective a sofa upholstered in sham leather street vendors selling sham designer handbags to gullible tourists Verb She wasn't really hurt; she was only shamming. He was shamming illness to avoid work. See More
Recent Examples on the Web
Noun
Monica Brown, who served on a school district book review committee in Granbury, has called that process a sham. Mike Hixenbaugh, NBC News, 11 Aug. 2022 China has dismissed that ruling, which was welcomed by the U.S. and Western allies, as a sham and continues to defy it. Jim Gomez, ajc, 6 Aug. 2022 The four men were convicted of terrorism charges in trials widely denounced as a sham. Hannah Beech, BostonGlobe.com, 29 July 2022 CxL was outlawed in 2021 before the election that gave Ortega another five-year term, in a vote decried by the international community as a sham. Washington Post, 4 July 2022 Western countries have called the convictions a sham and demanded Suu Kyi's release. Reuters, CNN, 22 June 2022 The rumors refused to die, no matter how many times they have been exposed as a sham. Michael Smolenscolumnist, San Diego Union-Tribune, 27 Apr. 2022 The accounts’ first wave of coordinated posts pushed Beijing’s stance that Hong Kong’s Legislative Council elections were legitimate, though critics have called the vote a sham. Steven Lee Myers, ProPublica, 18 Feb. 2022 The accounts’ first wave of coordinated posts pushed Beijing’s stance that Hong Kong’s legislative council elections were legitimate, though critics have called the vote a sham. New York Times, 18 Feb. 2022
Adjective
The company completed a feasibility study of Aviva in 2021 and recently launched a 391-person randomized control trial that will test the application’s efficacy versus a group that is receiving a sham application, containing educational content. Mario Aguilar, STAT, 28 July 2022 Flores’ lawsuit also says this sort of sham interview has happened previously. Brent Schrotenboer, USA TODAY, 1 Feb. 2022 The other half experienced a sham procedure that exactly resembled this—getting in the chamber, putting on the mask, and so on—but didn’t actually get the treatment. Adam Popescu, WIRED, 17 Aug. 2022 Zelensky slammed reports Russia is preparing to hold a sham referendum in Luhansk. Kendra Nichols, Washington Post, 8 Aug. 2022 Last month, a tribunal in the same breakaway territory sentenced two British citizens and a Moroccan man to death, a conviction Britain described as the result of a sham trial. Robyn Dixon, Washington Post, 15 July 2022 After a sham trial lacking due process and transparency, the Saudi court sentenced him to 20 years in prison plus a 20-year travel ban after his time served. Areej Al-sadhan, CNN, 1 July 2022 Republicans mostly dismissed Thursday's hearings as a sham, partisan and have proved nothing. NBC News, 12 June 2022 The Russian currency is being introduced, and reports mount that a sham referendum could be held to legitimize Russian annexation, some locals say. Laura L. Davis, USA TODAY, 5 May 2022
Verb
Days from the vote, the race is a nail-biter — a sharp contrast with many other African countries, like Uganda and Mali, where once-high democratic hopes have given way to sham votes and military coups. New York Times, 6 Aug. 2022 The idea of an unadulterated liberty was another sham Shura had fallen for. Sana Krasikov, The New Yorker, 8 Aug. 2022 This past winter, as the omicron surge made PCR testing nearly impossible, sham testing sites swabbed patients’ noses but returned no results, collecting their data and then their cash. Hannah Zeavin, Harper’s Magazine , 22 June 2022 The family fraud ring created sham businesses to get many of the loans, attaching fake payrolls and forged tax returns to the applications. Gregory Yee, Los Angeles Times, 23 Feb. 2022 And local officials worry that Russia is going to hold some sham referendum to make its political occupation more permanent. NBC News, 13 Mar. 2022 Gonzales was not trying to overturn the election results through his lawsuit, but asserting that putting up sham candidates represented ballot fraud. Ray Long, chicagotribune.com, 4 Mar. 2022 Flores also contended that the Broncos and Giants conducted sham interviews, Denver’s in 2019 and New York’s during the current hiring cycle. oregonlive, 6 Feb. 2022 Political prisoners routinely face sham legal proceedings and coerced confessions in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Benjamin Weinthal, Fox News, 8 Feb. 2022 See More

Word History

Etymology

Noun

perhaps from English dialect sham shame, alteration of English shame

First Known Use

Noun

1677, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Adjective

1681, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Verb

1702, in the meaning defined at intransitive sense

Time Traveler
The first known use of sham was in 1677
BNC: 13965 COCA: 12391

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