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protein

noun

pro·​tein ˈprō-ˌtēn How to pronounce protein (audio)
also
ˈprō-tē-ən How to pronounce protein (audio)
1
: any of various naturally occurring extremely complex substances that consist of amino-acid residues joined by peptide bonds, contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, usually sulfur, and occasionally other elements (such as phosphorus or iron), and include many essential biological compounds (such as enzymes, hormones, or antibodies)
2
: the total nitrogenous material in plant or animal substances

Example Sentences

You need more protein in your diet. These foods are an excellent source of protein. These foods have all of the essential proteins.
Recent Examples on the Web The first was jointly developed by the Wistar Institute in Pennsylvania and the French biotech company Transgene in the 1980s; scientists inserted a gene for a rabies protein into another live virus called vaccinia. Sarah Zhang, The Atlantic, 6 Sep. 2022 The mRNA vaccines work by injecting a genetic code for the spike protein that coats the surface of the coronavirus. Tom Murphy, Anchorage Daily News, 26 Aug. 2022 Those vaccines work by injecting a genetic code for the spike protein that coats the surface of the coronavirus. Kate Gibson, CBS News, 26 Aug. 2022 The mRNA vaccines work by injecting a genetic code for the spike protein that coats the surface of the coronavirus. Tom Murphy, Chicago Tribune, 26 Aug. 2022 The mRNA vaccines work by injecting a genetic code for the spike protein that coats the surface of the coronavirus. Tom Murphy, ajc, 26 Aug. 2022 Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines contain the genetic instructions for the spike protein that coats the coronavirus, to train the immune system to recognize the real virus. Lauran Neergaard, BostonGlobe.com, 22 Aug. 2022 Near starvation, the explorers ate ants for protein. David Conrads, The Christian Science Monitor, 3 Aug. 2022 The researchers searched for the spike protein by using a technique designed for identifying individual proteins. Sasha Warren, Scientific American, 21 July 2022 See More

Word History

Etymology

borrowed from French protéine, from Late Greek prōteîos "of the first quality" (from Greek prôtos "first, foremost" + -eios, adjective suffix, originally from s-stems) + -ine -ine entry 1 — more at proto-

Note: The term protein was introduced by the Dutch chemist Johannes Gerardus Mulder (1802-80), as French protéine in the article "Sur la composition de quelques substances animales" (Bulletin des sciences physiques et naturelles en Néerlande, vol. 1 [1838], pp. 104-19), and as Dutch protein in the article "Over Proteine en hare Verbindingen en Ontleidingsproducten" (Natuur- en scheikundig Archief, vol. 6 [1838], pp. 87-162). Though Mulder in the beginning of the papers expresses gratitude to Jöns Jakob berzelius for his support, he does not mention any connection between Berzelius and the novel word. In the twentieth century, however, it was discovered that Berzelius had suggested the word to Mulder in a letter written July 10, 1838: "Le nom protéine que je vous propose pour l'oxyde organique de la fibrine et de l'albumine, je voulais le dériver de πρωτειος, parce qu'il paraît être la substance primitive ou principale de la nutrition animale que les plantes préparent pour les herbivores et que ceux-ci fournissent ensuite aux carnassiers." ("The name protein, which I propose for the organic oxide of fibrin and albumin, I wish to derive from prōteios, because it appears to be the primitive or principal substance of animal nutrition, which plants prepare for herbivores, and which the latter then provide for carnivores." — quoted in H.B. Vickery, "The origin of the word protein," Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, vol. 22, no. 5 [May, 1950], pp. 387-93.) In the French article, Mulder glosses the word prōteîos with Latin primarius "primary": "The organic material, being a general principal of all the constituent parts of the animal body and being found, as we will see later, in the vegetable kingdom, could be named protein from prōteîos …" (La matière organique, étant un principe général de toutes les parties constituantes du corps animal, et se trouvant, comme nous verrons tantôt, dans le règne végétal, pourrait se nommer Protéine de πρωτεῖος primarius.") This appears to be Mulder's own interpretation of the Greek word, as the leading Greek dictionary of the time, Franz Passow's Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache (4. Ausgabe, 1831) defines it only as a masculine noun: "first rank, first place, primacy, priority" ("erster Rang, erster Platz, Vorrang, Vorzug"). For details, see the article by H.B. Vickery cited above and Harold Hartley, "Origin of the Word 'Protein'," Nature, vol. 168, issue 4267 (August 11, 1951), p. 244.

First Known Use

1886, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Time Traveler
The first known use of protein was in 1886

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